The Institute of Medicine's 1999 report entitled To Err is Human made headlines by estimating that medical errors account for between 44,000 and 98,000 deaths annually in the United States. Together with the subsequent quality dimension report, Crossing the Quality Chasm, the Institute of Medicine has brought patient safety into the spotlight (1). The greatest variance of adverse events in medicine probably is due to medication errors. Today's primary care physician has a multitude of electronic devices such as personal digital assistants, software, and newsletters designed to help minimize medication error and promote safe medication practices (2). Electronic therapeutic devices, meanwhile, can actively reduce the number of medication errors by reducing the amount of medication needed to treat anxiety, depression, insomnia, and pain.

	+ Enlarge
	Chip Fisher

Among the electromedical devices available to the ordinary office practicing general medicine is the cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) device. CES is the noninvasive application of low levels (milliamperes) of current stimulation applied transcutaneously to the brain for therapeutic purposes. Physicians associate these devices with pain treatment centers and the management of chronic, severe pain, but CES can be efficacious for other conditions.

CES is a treatment modality that has been neglected by mainstream medicine for the treatment of anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are known as the gold standard for the treatment of depression. However, CES is now more relevant because of recent government warnings relating to the use of SSRIs.

Thus far, CES has not demonstrated any of the adverse effects now associated with SSRIs. At the same time, while there is no shortage of antidepressant research, today's peer-reviewed literature has a relative dearth of CES reports. The companies that produce these devices are small and as yet unable to support the high-budget standards of double-blinded, randomized, institutional review board-controlled studies. A surprising number of CES studies in the peer-reviewed literature have been done without funding.

CES in the United States has received Food and Drug Administration marketing clearance for the treatment of anxiety, depression, and insomnia. CES devices are sold over the counter in Europe and other parts of the world. Mood disordered alcoholics have shown increased activity of the enzyme MAO-B in the spinal fluid after 20 CES treatments (3). Patients with treatment-resistant depression have shown significant (P < 0.0089) elevations in plasma serotonin (4). Increases in cerebrospinal fluid levels of [beta]-endorphins up to 219%, plasma endorphins up to 98%, and cerebrospinal fluid serotonin up to 200% have been demonstrated in normal volunteers receiving 20 minutes of CES (5). A recent annotated bibliography of CES by Kirsch (6) details 126 human and 29 experimental animal studies of CES conducted over the past 40 years. More than half the studies cited are from the peer-reviewed literature. The majority of the studies were double-blinded and conducted at major American universities. In aggregate, there were 6,007 patients treated under varying research conditions, with 4,541 actually receiving CES treatment. One hundred twelve (89%) of the studies reported positive outcomes. Seventeen studies followed up the patients to assess any continued results after one week and up to two years, and all the patients showed at least some residual effects after one or a series of treatments.

CES is both noninvasive and considerably less expensive than pharmaceutical treatments. Neurosurgical implantation techniques of deep brain-stimulating electrodes and vagal nerve stimulators that are currently used and studied for the treatment of affective disorders are also more expensive. Furthermore, while CES does require continuing medical assessment and supervision, the same caveat applies to all the antidepressants and other medications for the treatment of anxiety, depression, and insomnia in today's Physician's Desk Reference. The patient safety movement and burgeoning internet resources are working to increase the number of patients more actively involved in their own care. CES deserves to be a modality in the armamentarium not only for chronic pain but for reducing or occasionally replacing the amount of medication necessary in the treatment of anxiety and depression. CES is not a miraculous modality, but it's definitely worth a try.

About the Author

For more information, please visit: http://www.fisherwallace.com/.

References

1. Institute of Medicine. In Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS (eds). To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 2000.

2. Institute for Safe Medication Practices [http://www.ismp.org/]. 1800 Byberry Road, Suite 810, Huntingdon Valley, PA 19006 Voice: 215.947.7797 Fax: 215.914.1492. Email ismpinfo@ismp.org.

3. Krupisky EM, Burakov AM, Karandashova GF, et al. The administration of transcranial electric treatment for affective disturbances therapy and alcoholic patients. Drug Alcohol Depend 1991;27:1-6.

4. Shealy CN, Cady RK, Wilkie RG, et al. Depression: a diagnostic, neurochemical profile and therapy with cranial electrotherapy simulation (CES). J Neurol Orthop Med Surg 1989;10:319-321.

5. Shealy CN, Cady RK, Wilkie RG, et al. Cerebral Spinal Fluid and Plasma Neurochemicals: Response to Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation. J Neurol Orthop Med Surg 1998;18:94-97.

6. Kirsch DL. The Science Behind Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Medical Scope Publishing Corporation, 2002.

Bring Order and Structure to Your Pharmaceutical Job Search

In an orderly and structured fashion, we consolidate all of the pharmaceutical jobs from every professional job source, company and organization career page (and every other job site we can find) so you know about all the pharmaceutical jobs and can make your important personal career decisions in an objective and rational way. We are a "good citizen" in the pharmaceutical community and have high research standards and know you too have high standards for your career. As an unbiased research company with a profound respect for concrete facts and information about job openings, we are loyal to our members and do not accept any money from advertisers for job postings. We give you the tools to follow through and pursue your career options in a stable, practical and down-to-earth manner.

Tell us where to send your access instructions: Your Email: